英文最常用的時(shí)態(tài)有五個(gè)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí);一般過(guò)去時(shí);一般將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。下面小編告訴你英語(yǔ)的幾種時(shí)態(tài)，大家一起來(lái)看看吧!
?
英語(yǔ)的幾種時(shí)態(tài)：
?
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：
?
用動(dòng)詞原型表示，但單數(shù)第三人稱后要加-s，在詞尾加-s時(shí)要注意：
?
1. 一般情況：加-s 例：reads，writes，says
?
2. 以s，x，ch，sh收尾的詞加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses
?
3. 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-es 例：try—tries，carry—carries。
?
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的疑問(wèn)句一般以句首加助動(dòng)詞do，does構(gòu)成。句中動(dòng)詞要用原型動(dòng)詞be提前：
?
do you know it?
?
are you students?
?
does she have a pen?
?
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作：
?
we always care for each other and help each other。
?
they cycle to work every day。
?
2.現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)：
?
he loves sports。
?
do you sing?a little。
?
i major in english。
?
3. 遍真理：
?
light travels faster than sound。
?
two and four makes six。
?
the moon moves round the earth。
?
有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞常常可用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think(以為)，feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look(看起來(lái))，see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show(說(shuō)明)，prove，mind(在意)，have(有)，sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái))，taste(嘗起來(lái))，matter，require，possess，desire等等。
?
i feel a sharp pain in my chest。
?
the soup contains too much salt。
?
you see what i mean?
?
the coat fits you very well。
?
how do you find the book?
?
有些表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞間或可用于這一時(shí)態(tài)，表示現(xiàn)刻的動(dòng)作，由于動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間機(jī)短，用于進(jìn)行時(shí)不自然：
?
i send you my best wishes。
?
i salute your courage。
?
now i extend my heartfelt thanks to you。
?
在口語(yǔ)中這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)用來(lái)表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排發(fā)生的情況(這是都有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ))：
?
when do the train leave(stop at jinan)?
?
the plane take off at 11 am。
?
tomorrow is saturday。
?
is there a firm on tonight?
?
但這只限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。另外，在時(shí)間或條件從句中，將來(lái)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)多用這一時(shí)態(tài)表示：
?
tell her about that when she come。
?
turn off the light before you leave。
?
we‘ll start as soon as you are ready。
?
在口語(yǔ)中，這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)間或可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在說(shuō)話人腦中處于很不重要的地位)：
?
they say xiao wu is back。is that true?
?
xiao yu tells me you‘re going abroad。
?
oh，i forget where he lives。
?
yes，you answer quite well。
?
此外一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還多用于報(bào)刊、電影、電視解說(shuō)等其他幾種情況。
?
?
二、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
?
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用助動(dòng)詞be的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，它的肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)形式如下：
?
i am working。
?
i am not working。
?
am i working?
?
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
?
where are they having the basket-ball match?
?
they are putting up the scaffolding。
?
he‘s showing a foreign guest round the city。
?
在不少情況下，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子，并沒(méi)有“正在”這樣的字，在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)卻必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：
?
how are you getting on with the work?
?
the work is going fairly smoothly。
?
you are making rapid progress。
?
it is blowing hard。
?
who are you waiting for?
?
whenever i see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她時(shí)，她總是在花園里干活。
?
在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所列的表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞，一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)樗麄儾荒鼙硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。但如果詞義轉(zhuǎn)變，能表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就能夠用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，試比較下面的句子：
?
do you see anyone over there?你看到那里有什么人嗎?
?
are you seeing someone off?你在給誰(shuí)送行嗎?
?
i hear someone singing。我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人唱歌。
?
they are hearing an english talk?他們?cè)诼?tīng)一個(gè)英語(yǔ)報(bào)告。
?
what do you think of it?你覺(jué)得這怎么樣?
?
what are you thinking about?你在想什么?
?
另外，表示無(wú)法持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等：
?
he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳著。
?
the train is arriving?；疖嚲鸵M(jìn)站了。
?
the old man is dying。老頭病危了。
?
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一個(gè)在最近按計(jì)劃或安安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這是多有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ))：
?
we are leaving on friday。
?
are you going anywhere tomorrow?
?
a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。
?
xiao hong!coming。
?
who is interpreting for you?
?
we are having a holiday next monday。
?
但這僅限于少量動(dòng)詞，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。
?
另外，“be going+不定式”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常用來(lái)表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算(準(zhǔn)備)做的事：
?
i am afraid it is going to rain。
?
it is going to be rather cold tomorrow。
?
she is not going to speak at the meeting。
?
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中過(guò)去有許多人不贊成用go和come這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，感到很別扭，主張不說(shuō)are you going to go anywhere tomorrow?而說(shuō)are you going anywhere tomorrow?不說(shuō)is she going to come?而說(shuō)is she coming?但現(xiàn)在在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的人越來(lái)越多，這種用法基本上被大家接受了。
?
此外，在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，間或也可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的情況或一般情況：
?
do not mention this when you are talking with him。
?
remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always working。
?
if she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。
?
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，這是或是為了表示一種感情(a)如贊嘆、厭煩等，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)情況的暫時(shí)性(b)。
?
a. how are you feeling today?(比how do you feel today?更顯親切)
?
xiao hua is doing fine work at school。(比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富贊美)
?
he is always thinking of his work。表贊許
?
he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是亂扔?xùn)|西。(表不滿)
?
he is always boasting。他老愛(ài)說(shuō)大話。(表厭煩)
?
b.he is sleeping in the next room now。他現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在是在隔壁房間睡了(不再原來(lái)房間睡了)。
?
the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。
?
where is he working?他現(xiàn)在在那里工作?(可能剛換工作)
?
for this week we are starting work at 7：30。
?
he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。
?
be間或可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表示一時(shí)的表現(xiàn)：
?
you are not being modest。
?
he is being silly。
?
she is being friendly。
?
xiao hong is being a good girl today。
?
do not talk rot。i am being serious。
?
注：在there和here引起的句子中，常可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：
?
here comes the bus。(=the bus is coming.)
?
there goes the bell. (=the bell is ringing.)
?
在某些情況下兩種情況都可以用，沒(méi)有多少差別：
?
i wonder (am wondering) how i should answer then.
?
does your leg hurt? (is your leg hurting?)
?
it itches (is itching) terribly.
?
my back aches (is aching).
?
i write (am writing ) to inform you.
?
三、 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
?
一般將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞shall或will加動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成，shall用于*人稱，will用于第二、三人稱。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的肯定、否定及疑問(wèn)機(jī)構(gòu)可表示如下：
?
i shall go.
?
i shall not go.
?
shall i go?
?
除英國(guó)以外的說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的*，在陳述句中，即使在*人稱一般也用will,在英國(guó)也有這種趨勢(shì)，在口語(yǔ)中常緊縮為i’ll.
?
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和情況：
?
i will (shall) arrive tomorrow.
?
will you be busy tonight?
?
the agreement will come into force next spring.
?
we won’t (shan’t) be free tonight.
?
有時(shí)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)要從意思上判斷是否指未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或情況：
?
i will think it over.
?
who will take the chair?
?
will she come?
?
they won’t object it.
?
在以i 或 we 作主語(yǔ)的問(wèn)句中，一般用shall，這時(shí)或是征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)(a),或是詢問(wèn)一個(gè)情況(b):
?
a. shall i make a fair copy of it?
?
which book shall i read first?
?
where shall we meet?
?
b. shall we have any classes tomorrow?
?
when shall we have the rehearsal?
?
shall i be able to find them there?
?
在這類問(wèn)句中，近年來(lái)也有不少人用will，特別是美國(guó)。
?
what will we do?
?
how will get there?
?
which will i take?
?
注意在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般不能用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)代替：
?
i’ll let you have the book when i’m through.
?
they’ll fight till they win complete victory.
?
i’ll be round to see you if i have time tomorrow.
?
注：在兩種情況下條件從句可以用一般將來(lái)時(shí)：
?
1. 表示愿望：
?
if they won’t cooperate, our plan will fall flat.
?
2.主句的謂語(yǔ)表時(shí)現(xiàn)在的情況：
?
if he won’t arrive this morning, why should we wait here。
?
表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，除了一般將來(lái)時(shí)外，還有一些其他結(jié)構(gòu)和時(shí)態(tài)：
?
1. be going +不定式(表打算、準(zhǔn)備作的事或即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事)：
?
we ‘re going to put up a building here.
?
how are you going to spend your holiday?
?
who is going to speak first?
?
2. be +不定式(表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事或用來(lái)征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn))：
?
when is the factory to go into production?
?
the line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week.
?
am i to (=shall i ) go on with the work?
?
3.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(限于某些動(dòng)詞，表示按計(jì)劃或時(shí)刻要發(fā)生的事)：
?
school finishes on january 18th.
?
we get off at the next stop.
?
when does the winter vacation begin?
?
4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(限于某些動(dòng)詞，表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事)：
?
we are having an english evening tonight.
?
they are playing some folk music next.
?
i am talking the children to the zoo (on sunday ).
?
在單純表示將來(lái)情況，特別是談一連串的事情或在帶時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句的句子中，謂語(yǔ)多用將來(lái)時(shí)：
?
next term i will try to do better. i’ll speak more english and do more reading-aloud.
?
he’ll come to see you when he has time.
?
he’ll tell you if you ask him.
?
在表示打算或準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，如不提時(shí)間、條件等，多用be going to這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，用一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)很少的，特別是在口語(yǔ)中：
?
he is going to buy a dictionary.(很少說(shuō)he will buy a dictionary.)
?
在談即將發(fā)生的情況時(shí)，用be going to 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)也多一些。在表示按計(jì)劃安排要做得事時(shí)，用be to 的時(shí)候也不少。另外還有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)等時(shí)態(tài)也可表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
?
注：be about to 可表示即將作某事
?
we are about to leave.
?
he is about to retire.
?
一般將來(lái)時(shí)有時(shí)還可用來(lái)表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作：
?
a drowning man will catch at a straw.
?
crops will die without water.
?
oil will float on water.
?
注：這一時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)用來(lái)表示揣測(cè)(a)或容量(b):
?
a. that man in the middle will be the visiting minister.
?
b. the hall will seat 500people.
?
四、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
?
一般過(guò)去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式表示，動(dòng)詞be有was, were兩個(gè)過(guò)去式，was用于*、三人稱單數(shù)，were用于其他情況。在構(gòu)成否定及疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，一般都借助助動(dòng)詞did, 動(dòng)詞be有其獨(dú)特的疑問(wèn)及否定形式(基本上和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一致)。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的三種結(jié)構(gòu)可表示如下：
?
一般動(dòng)詞：
?
i worked there.
?
i did not work there.
?
did you work there?
?
動(dòng)詞be:
?
i was there.
?
i was not there.
?
was i there?
?
一般過(guò)去時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況(包括習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)
?
who put forward the suggestion?
?
when did she leave?
?
she often came to help us.
?
有些情況，發(fā)生的時(shí)間不很清楚，但實(shí)際上是過(guò)去發(fā)生的，應(yīng)當(dāng)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)：
?
i was glad to get your letter.
?
what was the final score?
?
how did you like their performance?
?
*在談到已死去人的情況多用過(guò)去時(shí)：
?
lao she was a great writer.
?
my grandmother was kind to us.
?
有時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以用：
?
brahms was/is one of the greatest representative of german classicalism.
?
注：在口語(yǔ)中一般過(guò)去時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，使語(yǔ)氣變得婉轉(zhuǎn)一些，例如在下面句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)都可以，但用過(guò)去時(shí)顯得客氣一些(帶有更多商量的口吻)：
?
do/did you want to see me?
?
i wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.
?
i want/wanted to ask if i can/could borrow your bike.
?
五、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由have的人稱形式加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。他的肯定、否定及疑問(wèn)形式如下：
?
i have read it.
?
i have not read it.
?
have you read it?
?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)刻以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，可以是：
?
1.到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時(shí)期中發(fā)生的情況(可能時(shí)多次動(dòng)作的總和，也可表示狀態(tài)和習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)：
?
we have opened up 200 mu of land this year.
?
how many pages have you covered today?
?
i haven’t seen him for many days.
?
2. 對(duì)現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
?
the delegation has already left.
?
i have seen the film many times.
?
the city has taken on a new look.
?
注：這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)還可以表示過(guò)去曾發(fā)生過(guò)一次或多次的情況，也可以說(shuō)是一種經(jīng)歷：
?
all our children have had measles.
?
man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.
?
he says that he has seen a meteor at some time.
?
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的基本特點(diǎn)是它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系，或是講迄今為止這一段時(shí)間的情況，或是講一個(gè)影響現(xiàn)狀的動(dòng)作，這樣它不是從時(shí)間上就是從后果上和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)。根據(jù)這個(gè)特點(diǎn)我們可以判斷什么時(shí)候用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，什么時(shí)候用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
?
1.當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)的狀語(yǔ)(包括when)時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
?
i saw her a minute ago.
?
just now xiao lin came to see you.
?
when did you get to know it?
?
2.當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
?
up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.
?
we haven’t had any physical training classes this week.
?
he has learned a good deal since he came here.
?
3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never這類副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
?
this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.
?
have you got the plan ready yet? –no, not yet.
?
i’ve just received a money order.
?
4.在單獨(dú)談一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，不涉及它對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響時(shí)，通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如果談一件已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，不考慮它是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的，而主要考慮對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
?
did you get up very early?
?
has he got up?
?
what did you have for lunch?
?
have you had lunch?
?
i got the news from xiao yu.
?
i’ve got no news from him.
?
注： 有since引起的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，主要謂語(yǔ)通常用完成時(shí)態(tài)：
?
we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).
?
it has rained a great deal since you left.
?
we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted in 1952). 但在表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí)可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
?
l 在使用一個(gè)表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(如be, seem等)作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，間或也可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)：
?
it’s ok since i fixed it.
?
it seems a long time since i was here.
?
i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 間或用過(guò)去時(shí)，特別時(shí)在口語(yǔ)中。
?
i lost ten pounds since i started swimming.
?
在since引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。但間或可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
?
i haven’t seen him since i have been back.
?
since i have known her, she has been fond of sports.
?
有時(shí)同樣一句漢語(yǔ)，由于使用場(chǎng)合不用，譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)可能需要不同時(shí)態(tài)：
?
has xiao yang come?
?
did xiao yang come?
?
how many people have gone to the factory?
?
how many people went to the factory?
?
we haven’t invited him.
?
we didn’t invite him.
?
有時(shí)同樣一個(gè)動(dòng)作，也隨著說(shuō)話的意圖不同而用不同時(shí)態(tài)表示：
?
has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句談動(dòng)作本身，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)聯(lián)系。
?
have you had your lunch? where did you have it?你吃中午飯了嗎?在那吃的?
?
has she left? why did she leave so early?
?
某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)刻表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)：
?
how have you been (recently)?
?
the conference has lasted five days.
?
we’ve known each other since we were children.
?
特別是動(dòng)詞be，是常常這樣用的：
?
he’s been back for three days. (不能用has come back)
?
she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能說(shuō)has become)
?
he has been in college for a year. (不能說(shuō)has entered)
?
由于come, become, enter和get up 等動(dòng)詞都只代表一個(gè)短暫的動(dòng)作，不能代表一個(gè)延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，這是需要用be來(lái)表示延續(xù)的狀態(tài)：
?
另外有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(主要是work, study, teach, live等)可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)動(dòng)作：
?
how long have you worked here?
?
she has taught english for many years.
?
we’ve lived here for quite a few years.
?
但大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞不宜這樣用，而需用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
?
注：have been (to)長(zhǎng)可用來(lái)表示“到過(guò)某地”或“剛?cè)プ鲞^(guò)某事”
?
have you ever been to xi’an?
?
xiao liu has just been here.
?
we’ve been here(there)many times.
?
l 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作：
?
i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder fixed.
?
we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then
?
i will gibe my opinion when i have read the book through.
?
這利用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”時(shí)表示這動(dòng)作將在另一動(dòng)作之前完成。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，(也就是說(shuō)一個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著另一個(gè)動(dòng)作)，一般就不用這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)：
?
i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.
?
she’ll write you when she gets there.
?
在這樣的情況下(特別是當(dāng)我們用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí))，多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。有時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以用：
?
we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining.
?
i’ll tell him after you leave (have left).
?
注：have got 形式上時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，卻和have時(shí)同一個(gè)意思：
?
she has got (=has) a slight temperature.
?
have you got (=do you have) any sisters?
?
另外，現(xiàn)在有一種傾向，特別是在美國(guó)，在隨便談話時(shí)，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
?
i saw it already (=i have seen it already).
?
did you return the records yet (=have you returned the records yet)?
?
i just come back (=i’ve just come back).
?
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：
?
(1) was (were) going to+動(dòng)詞原形。
?
①表示過(guò)去某時(shí)準(zhǔn)備做某事。如：
?
Marsha said she was going to have a try. 瑪莎說(shuō)她準(zhǔn)備試試。
?
He was going to leave when I came in. 我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)他正要離開(kāi)。
?
②was going to有時(shí)可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法或打算。如：
?
I was going to see you last night, but I was too busy. 我昨晚本想去看你的，但太忙了。
?
(2) was (were)+不定式。
?
①表示定于過(guò)去某時(shí)將要做某事。如：
?
He told me that we were to leave at 2:30pm.他告訴我我們下午兩點(diǎn)半動(dòng)身。
?
He was to meet her at 10 outside the cinema. 他約定和她10點(diǎn)鐘在電影院外見(jiàn)面。
?
②若表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)或被取消的計(jì)劃，則用was (were) to+動(dòng)詞完成式。如：
?
We were to have left at 6 last night. 我們本來(lái)計(jì)劃昨晚6點(diǎn)離開(kāi)的。
?
?
(3)was / were about+不定式在過(guò)去正要做某事。如：
?
I was just about to start when it began to rain. 我正要?jiǎng)由?，這是天下起了雨。
?
The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back. 經(jīng)理快要離開(kāi)時(shí),他的秘書叫住了他。
?
(4) 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。如：
?
Our teacher told us that school began on September 1. 老師告訴我們九月一號(hào)開(kāi)學(xué)。
?
(5) 用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)時(shí)。如：
?
I didn’t know when you they were coming again.
?
(6) was (were) due to表示定于過(guò)去某時(shí)將要做某事。如：
?
They were due to leave at ten o’clock. 他們定于十點(diǎn)出發(fā)。
?
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：
?
(1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)通常表示一個(gè)過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則通常表示一個(gè)過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
?
I was reading the newspaper last night. 我昨晚在看書。(不一定看完)
?
I read the newspaper last night. 我昨晚看了報(bào)紙。(已經(jīng)看完)
?
He was building a model ship out of wood. 他在那里修一座橋。(不一定建成)
?
He built a model ship out of wood. 他用木頭造了個(gè)模型船。(已建成)
?
(2) 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如rain, snow, cough, wear, feel, work等的一般過(guò)去時(shí)并不表示動(dòng)作完成，這時(shí)用兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以，且含義區(qū)別不大。如：
?
It snowed / was snowing all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雪。
?
She didn’t feel / wasn’t feeling well that day. 那天她感到不太舒服。
?
The child coughed / was coughing all night. 這孩子咳嗽了一整夜。
?
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：
?
(1) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作; 而一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
?
What will you be doing at seven the day after tomorrow? 后天晚上七點(diǎn)會(huì)在做什么呢
?
What will you do at seven the day after tomorrow? 后天晚上七點(diǎn)你干什么?
?
(2) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行表示已有的安排;而一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示臨時(shí)決定。如：
?
I’ll go to see him after school. 放學(xué)后我去看她。
?
I’ll be going to see him after school. 放學(xué)后我準(zhǔn)備去看她的。
?
(3) 兩者均可表示將來(lái)，但用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)語(yǔ)氣更委婉，比較：
?
When will you finish your homework 你什么什候完成作業(yè)?
?
When will you be finishing your homework 你什么什候完成作業(yè)呢?
?
(4) 有時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)則只是單純地談未來(lái)情況;而一般將來(lái)中的will含有“愿意”的意思。比較：
?
Mary won’t be paying this bill. 不會(huì)由瑪麗來(lái)付錢。(單純談未來(lái)情況)
?
Mary won’t pay this bill. 瑪麗不肯付這筆錢。(表意愿)
